Almost unseen from street level, the white dish was tucked away on a rooftop in Karaj under a tattered rug. Next to it, a youngster knelt down and waited for the LED to turn green before sending a message. About two minutes remained before he shut it off once more. That was standard procedure. The dish should never be used twice in the same location; it should be moved and briefly fired up. This was not spying. It was a risky method of posting a film that the government didn’t want seen and checking in on a cousin in Germany.
SpaceX’s Starlink satellite internet constellation, which is theoretically inaccessible yet incredibly effective, has become a contradiction in Iran. Access to uncensored internet is a survival tactic as well as a protest tool as authorities intensify their onslaught on digital liberties. Recently, SpaceX decided to waive user costs within the nation, making the service symbolically paid rather than just accessible.
Even now, owning the terminals is still costly and dangerous. Most enter through an expanding network of traffickers, who frequently load them into cars traveling from Iraqi Kurdistan or pose as TV dishes on boats departing from Dubai. Once in the country, they are secretly transferred, typically between trusted friends or family networks. If you are caught in possession of one, you may be arrested or worse.
But demand hasn’t decreased. During the past month, usage has increased, particularly following the orchestrated internet outage in January. Diaspora networks and U.S.-based NGOs have been crucial, covertly funding gear and disseminating setup instructions. The end effect is a digital resistance network that is invisible and hovers over rooftops in Mashhad, Isfahan, and Tehran.
| Item | Detail |
|---|---|
| Service Name | Starlink (by SpaceX) |
| Current Status in Iran | Not officially licensed; now made free to users |
| Approximate Number of Terminals | Estimated between 50,000–100,000 units in Iran |
| Terminal Legality | Illegal; smuggled in via Iraq or Persian Gulf |
| Purpose of Use | Bypassing government censorship during protests |
| Government Response | Blackouts, signal jamming, seizure of equipment |
| Source of Support | U.S.-based nonprofits, diaspora funding, Elon Musk intervention |
| Access Risk | Use punishable under Iranian law; users tracked and detained |
For many users, Starlink is more than just a way to access social media; it’s how they communicate with family who are exiled, attend online classes, and report abuse. Activists working in areas like Sistan and Baluchestan, where traditional networks are frequently completely barred, have found the platform very helpful. Starlink’s independence from terrestrial infrastructure is not only a benefit but also a requirement in certain regions.
Iran has responded angrily. Recently, the government started sending out mobile jamming vans to cities. The allegedly Russian-made device has the ability to seriously interfere with Starlink’s signal within a few hundred meters. Additionally, officials have reportedly conducted raids in areas thought to be home to terminals, utilizing signal triangulation and heat maps to find them. Some users have retaliated by setting up gadgets on mobile platforms or powering them through decoy circuits.
Starlink’s architecture is what makes it so remarkable in this regard. By beaming straight from space, the service circumvents almost all traditional censorship methods, unlike VPNs or mirror websites that may be centrally shut down. Part of the reason Iranian authorities are having such a hard time is that they are dealing with a problem that isn’t easily solved.
During a conversation with an Iranian scholar who is currently located in Toronto, I discovered that a number of Tehrani university networks had covertly permitted restricted Starlink use. Naturally, it was accepted as a means of maintaining international cooperation even though it was not formally sanctioned. The degree to which the demand for connection has become ingrained is evident from this tacit cooperation.
After that call, I took a moment to reflect on how many individuals were taking significant risks for something as basic as remaining online.
There have been worries about escalation from critics in Western capitals. They fear that Starlink’s existence could be exploited by the government to defend more severe crackdowns. However, these issues frequently overlook the more complex calculus at work. Instead than waiting for approval, Iranians are creating workarounds in real time and changing the digital environment in the process.
Of course, there are concerns with equity. On the gray market, a terminal can cost several hundred dollars, and even with free access, not everyone can afford the gear or the danger. The comparatively fortunate are the first to have access to it, as is the case with many tools of resistance: middle-class families with dual citizenship, students with international connections, and urban professionals. Despite being among those most impacted by censorship, lower-class individuals and rural populations are nonetheless blocked off.
However, momentum is increasing. Starlink’s increased coverage and Musk’s choice to waive costs have made the platform extremely adaptable. It is utilized for telemedicine, education, and even emergency warnings in addition to protests. When conventional infrastructure fails, it might be a game-changer in areas affected by earthquakes or floods.
The Iranian regime is not likely to change its mind. More drastic measures, including as legal penalties against anyone suspected of importing or using Starlink equipment, are reportedly already being considered. Subterranean distribution networks, meanwhile, are adjusting, relocating drop locations, encrypting communications, and even testing solar-powered relay units as a covert way to increase access.
The stakes are rising as the satellite constellation gets denser and more Iranian people find methods to connect. Here, Starlink has evolved from a product to a literal and symbolic signal. It highlights the consequences of losing complete control and allowing information to seep through gaps and be transported by the sky itself rather than cables.
