The idea is so basic that it seems almost obvious. These days, millions of people use AI on their phones at two in the morning, at work, and in classrooms. However, Anthropic sought a way to distinguish between the two skills—using a tool and using it well.

Thus, they constructed one. They pulled a sample of 9,830 anonymized conversations from a single week in January and ran them through a framework developed with two academics, Rick Dakan and Joseph Feller, looking for twenty-four specific behaviors that tend to show up when a person is genuinely collaborating with a model, rather than just prodding it.

When combined, the figures point to a kind of global literacy gap that no one is really discussing just yet. The majority of people communicate with AI in a brief, transactional manner, much like they would with a search query. The most notable users—those referred to as fluent in the report—treat it more like a discussion with a doubtful coworker.

They return. They exert pressure. Why, they wonder? Roughly 86% of the sampled conversations showed what the researchers call iteration and refinement, and those conversations exhibited more than double the fluency behaviors of the quick ones. That gap, honestly, feels bigger than it sounds.

There’s a harder finding tucked into the middle of the report, and it’s the one that probably should worry employers. When users ask Claude to actually produce something — code, a document, a working tool — their directiveness goes up. They specify format, give examples, clarify what they want. However, they become less inclined to challenge the outcome. They’re 5.2 percentage points less likely to notice missing context. They do less fact-checking.

They stop asking the model to explain itself. It’s a pattern anyone who has watched a junior employee accept a polished-looking deck without reading it carefully will recognize immediately. Polish disarmament examination. Apparently this is true whether the polish comes from a human or a machine.

Outside any one lab, the implications drift further than the report itself admits. Schools have barely begun to teach this stuff. Most corporate AI training still looks like a half-hour compliance video. Additionally, the labor market is already beginning to subtly separate those who are adept at assigning tasks to models from those who are not; employers will eventually price this distinction, whether they intend to or not.

It’s difficult to ignore the fact that Anthropic, a business that offers access to Claude, has a financial stake in claiming that proficient use of AI is a skill worth honing. Alright. However, nobody is pleased with the results. In essence, the company is stating that the majority of its most active users—early adopters and paying subscribers—remain at the shallow end. Reading it gives me the impression that we are all acting somewhat like early drivers before seatbelts were commonplace: self-assured, quick, and unsure of what we are doing.

It’s still unclear if the AI Fluency Index—a sort of TOEFL for dealing with machines—becomes a standard. However, something similar is most likely on the horizon. It describes a gap that already exists. The measuring stick is only now catching up.

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